| <colbgcolor=#dddddd,#000000><colcolor=#000000,#dddddd> 폴 애브리치 Paul Avrich | |
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| 출생 | 1931년 8월 4일 |
| 미국 뉴욕주 뉴욕시 브루클린 | |
| 사망 | 2006년 2월 17일 (향년 74세) |
| 미국 뉴욕주 뉴욕시 맨해튼 | |
| 국적 | [[미국|]][[틀:국기|]][[틀:국기|]] |
| 직업 | 역사학자 |
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1. 개요
모든 도의적 사람들은 마음 속으로는 아나키스트이다.
폴 애브리치
폴 애브리치는 미국의 역사학자이자 아나키스트이다.폴 애브리치
미국, 러시아 제국, 러시아 혁명의 아나키스트 분야를 연구하였다. 컬럼비아 대학 석사 및 박사, 뉴욕시립대학의 퀸스 컬리지 역사학 교수이기도 하다.[1][2]
2. 업적
Nadine Brozan, "Paul Avrich, 74, a Historian of Anarchism, Is Dead," New York Times」, Feb. 24, 2006[3]
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- Paul Avrich, a historian of the anarchist movement that played a role in the Russian Revolution and flourished in America in the 19th and early 20th centuries, died on Feb. 16 at Mount Sinai Hospital. He was 74 and lived in Manhattan.
The cause was complications from Alzheimer's disease, said his wife, Ina Avrich.
Named distinguished professor of history at Queens College in 1982, Dr. Avrich, whose field was Russian history, wrote 10 books, mainly about anarchism, the belief that society is better off without the constraints of government.
Dr. Avrich became the confidant of well-known figures in the anarchist movement.
"He considered himself a scholar, teacher and chronicler of the movement and had great sympathy and affection for them," his wife said. Dr. Avrich took issue with the prevalent image of the anarchist as violent and amoral.
"Every good person deep down is an anarchist," he was quoted as saying in the announcement by Queens College of his elevation to distinguished professor. Three of the 20th century's literary giants, James Joyce, George Bernard Shaw and Eugene O'Neill, were anarchists in their youth, Dr. Avrich said, and he had hoped to write a book about O'Neill.
In an interview with The New York Times in 1972, he said that the Vietnam War and the women's movement had reignited interest in the concept of personal freedom over government control. He added: "In America, such individuals and groups were in a sense pioneers of social justice. Many of the anarchists in this country and in the world have either been neglected or scorned, and I would like to play a role in resurrecting them."
The subjects of his books included the Kronstadt naval base rebellion of 1921, an uprising of sailors against the Bolshevik regime that left more than 10,000 dead or wounded; the Haymarket Riot of 1886, in which seven Chicago police officers were killed by a bomb thrown at a workers' gathering; and the Sacco and Vanzetti case. He interviewed hundreds of adherents of the movement for one book, "Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America."
Born in Brooklyn to Rose Zapol Avrich, an actress in the Yiddish theater, and Murray Avrich, a dress manufacturer, he graduated from Cornell and earned his master's and doctoral degrees at Columbia. His dissertation was on the labor movement in the Russian Revolution, and after Khrushchev opened the country to exchange students, he went to the Soviet Union to do research.
In New York, his interest intensified when he met a number of anarchist thinkers at a meeting called by Freie Arbeiter Stimme (Free Voice of Labor), an anarchist Yiddish newspaper.
Mrs. Avrich said her husband collected letters, papers, books and photos of leading anarchists and donated a collection of 20,000 items to the Library of Congress. He even named his cats for the anarchists Piotr Kropotkin and Mikhail Bakunin.
Dr. Avrich spent his entire academic career at Queens College, where he began as a Russian history instructor in 1961 and retired in 1999. He was also on the faculty of the City University Graduate Center.
In addition to his wife, he is survived by two daughters, Jane and Karen Avrich of Manhattan, and a sister, Dorothy Avrich of Miami.
Stuart Christie, "Paul Avrich" 「The Guardian」, Mon 10 Apr 2006 00.45 BST[4]
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- Historian of anarchism in the US and the Soviet Union
The common fate of anarchists, suggested Paul Avrich, who has died aged 74, was to be neglected or scorned. But what he wanted to do was to play a role in resurrecting them. So, as professor of history at Queens College and the graduate school at the City University of New York, he passed on to students an "affection and sense of solidarity with anarchists as people, rather than as militants". He also challenged the prevalent image of anarchists as violent and amoral.
Russian Anarchists (1967) was followed by Kronstadt 1921 (1970) and in 1972, Russian Rebels: 1600-1800. He then moved into American anarchism with The Haymarket Tragedy (1984). This focused on the campaign for the eight-hour day in Chicago in 1886 during which seven policemen were killed by a bomb, and for which four innocent anarchists were executed - one cheated the gallows by killing himself, and another three served sentences until pardoned by the state governor. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background (1991) established that the two men, executed in 1927 in Massachusetts, were serious revolutionaries rather than "philosophical anarchists".
Avrich was born in Brooklyn, New York, into a Jewish family originally from Odessa. He graduated from Cornell University in New York State in 1952 and took his PhD from Columbia University in New York City in 1961.
In the early 1960s Avrich had taken advantage of liberalisation in the Soviet Union to research his dissertation on the Russian revolution and the factory committees there. The material he uncovered on the 1921 insurrection at the Russian naval base of Kronstadt - which was suppressed by the Bolsheviks and left more than 10,000 dead or wounded on both sides - was the basis for Kronstadt 1921 and much of his work on anarchists in the Russian revolution.
Back in New York he researched amongst surviving Soviet exiles, many of whom he met at the anarchist Yiddish Freie Arbeiter Stimme (Free Voice of Labour) meetings and established lifelong friendships with many of them.
Avrich's other work included The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States (1980) which dealt with the radical schools inspired by the ideas of the Spanish anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer i Guardia, which survived from 1910 to 1960.
His last important work was the extraordinary Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (1995) based on interviews gathered over 30 years. Avrich was nominated several times for the Pulitzer prize, and in 1984 he won won the Philip Taft Labor History award.
He is survived by his wife Ina and his daughters Jane and Karen.
Paul Avrich, historian, born August 4 1931; died February 17 2006
1952년 뉴욕 주 코넬 대학교를 졸업하고 1961년 뉴욕 컬럼비아 대학교에서 박사학위를 받았다.
폴 애브리치의 학술적 업적은 미국과 러시아 아나키스트들의 모습을 학술적으로 연구해 "부활"시켰다는 점이다.
폴 애브리치 이전에 ―최소 미국에선― 아나키스트는 무시당하거나 경멸당하는 집단이었다. 하지만 폴 애브리치는 그런 아나키스트의 인식과 다른 모습을 "부활"시켰다. 대학원에서 폴 애브리치는 아나키스트들에 대해 "투쟁자가 아닌 사람으로의 아나키스트들에 대한 애정과 감정"을 교육하였으며, 교육 당시 '폭력적이고 부도덕한 아나키스트'라는 이미지에 도전했던 대표적인 아나키스트 역사학자였다.
에브리치 박사는 아나키스트 운동가들의 저명한 친구가 되었다. 다른 기사에서도 에브리치는 '아나키스트의 보편적인 이미지가 폭력적이고 부도덕적인 점'이 문제라며 바로 잡아야한다고 주장한 학자였다. 애브리치의 아내의 증언에 의하면 폴 애브리치는 자신을 '운동(아나키즘 운동)의 학자, 교사, 연대자로 여겼고 거대한 공감과 애정을 가지고 있었다'고 말한다.
"모든 도의적인 사람은 마음 속에선 아나키스트이다"라는 말을 남기기도 하였다.
폴 애브리치는 1967년에 러시아 혁명 당시 아나키스트들을 종합적으로 정리한 학술서를 출간하고, 1970년엔 1921년 크론슈타트 반란에 대한 학술서를 출간했다. 1972년에 1600-1800년대의 러시아 반란군에 대한 책을 썼다. 1984년엔 헤이마켓 사건 당시 경찰 7명이 폭탄에 의해 살해되고 4명의 무고한 아나키스트들이 사형 판결을 받은 사건에 초점을 맞췄다. 1991년엔 1927년에 처형된 사코와 반제티에 대한 학술서를 내었고 그 도서로 두 사람을 "철학적 아나키스트"가 아닌 '진지한 혁명가'라는 사람을 증명했다.
폴 애브리치의 마지막 업적은 1995년에 출간한 구술사책으로 이 책은 폴 애브리치가 30년동안 수집한 수백명의 아나키스트들의 구술을 담았다.
폴 애브리치가 수집한 아나키스트들의 편지, 서류, 도서, 사진은 총 약 2만개이며 그 컬렉션은 의회도서관에 기증되었다.
폴 애브리치 사망 후 스튜어트 크리스티―스페인 독재자 프란시스코 프랑코 폭사미수 사건으로 유명한 영국의 아나키스트―가 애브리치에 대한 긍정적인 글을 더 가디언에 게재했다.
3. 한국에서
3.1. 번역
1989년에 예문 출판사를 통해 애브리치의 대표적인 저서 중 하나인 러시아 아나키스트 1917[5]을 번역출간하였다. 국회도서관에 돈을 지불하면 복사본을 우편으로 배달받을 수 있다.애브리치가 쓴 학술서, 대중서인 아나키스트의 초상[6]이 2004년에 한국에 번역출간됐다. 한국의 아나키스트 운동가 하승우가 번역하고 갈무리에서 출간했다. 2021년에도 절판되지 않아 낮은 가격으로 사 읽을 수 있다.알라딘]
[1] https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/24/nyregion/paul-avrich-74-a-historian-of-anarchism-is-dead.html[2] https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/apr/10/guardianobituaries.obituaries[3] https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/24/nyregion/paul-avrich-74-a-historian-of-anarchism-is-dead.html[4] https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/apr/10/guardianobituaries.obituaries[5] Paul Avrich 저 ; 예문편집부 역, 러시아 아나키스트 1917, 서울 : 예문, 1989[6] 폴 애브리치 지음 ; 하승우 옮김, 아나키스트의 초상, 서울 : 갈무리, 2004